This differences did not connect with new Eu sex experts

The issue out of Trafficking

Trafficking arrived towards political agenda just after tension out-of feminists and you may the federal ladies’ rules agency. To start with, feminine had been trafficked away from The southern area of China (notably Thailand and also the Philippines), Latin The united states (Columbia therefore the Dominican Republic and Africa (Ghana); pursuing the slip of the Berlin Wall, trading pathways moved on so you’re able to Central and you will Eastern European countries. Political demands had been defining the brand new offence a great deal more generally to support prosecution and enhancing the punishment off five to six decades, to ensure that culprits might be kept from inside the remand custody. The latest blogs on penal code towards the person trafficking was in fact changed into the 1993, with a more appropriate concept of the offence and higher punishment having traffickers (Outshoorn 2004a: 195). The brand new blogs have been presented from inside the a good gender-basic way, and you will trafficking stayed recognized as forcing a person with the prostitution.

In the parliamentary debates on trafficking around that period, foreign women were portrayed as victims of unscrupulous traffickers tricked into prostitution. This framing was tied into a discourse about the divide between the rich and poor countries: female prostitutes from the ‘Third World’ were driven by poverty. Gradually, a more insidious edge crept into this discourse when Christian Democrats in parliament linked trafficking to illegal migration, opening a space for ‘false’ victims, who used the loopholes in the law to work illegally as a prostitute in the Netherlands (HTK, 1991–1992, TK 81, pp. 4994, 4995, e time they also started to argue that all women from non-EU countries working in the sex industry were victims of forced prostitution. Therefore in their view, the best remedy to stop trafficking was to prevent non-EU women from working in the Dutch sex industry in the first place. This reasoning eradicated the figure of a woman migrant Krefeld escort guide deciding to work as a sex worker in the West and who might make use of intermediaries to enter the country-with her consent. But then she was ‘illegal’ and ought to be deported.

Successive cabinets continued to refuse work permits on similar grounds, also arguing there was no national interest at stake which normally justifies extending work permits to non-EU persons. They were backed by a recurring majority in parliament; the parliamentary records show many references to the fear of foreign prostitutes entering the country which would subvert immigration policies. The fear resurfaced in the memorandum to the bill to lift the brothel ban, as one of the aims of the bill was to halt ‘the stream of foreign prostitutes’ (HTK 1996–97, 25437 (Opheffing Algemeen Bordeelverbod), no. 3 (Memorie van Toelichting), 1 July 1997, p. 13). The refusal to grant work permits was also generally justified by the aim of stopping the trafficking of women; permits would encourage traffickers to transport women into the country.

Categories of Sex Workers

Next implementation of the fresh new work triggered the construction out of no below five types of prostitutes. First of all, you’ve got the ethnically undefined Dutch sex worker whom willingly decides to work in the prostitution which is the latest holder of civil and personal rights. Next, you can find the brand new prostitutes from other Eu places who can flow easily in-and-out of your Netherlands and operate in the new sex business. These kinds divided into a couple of categories pursuing the accession towards European union of Baltic States, Poland, Hungary, the latest Czech Republic and Slovakia from inside the 2004, and then make a third group just who can just only legally work as prostitutes when they was separate sex workers and never group. In 2007, sex experts on the fresh new Eu professionals was acknowledged with the a keen equivalent ground with the old Eu user gurus, nevertheless third classification was now filled up with sex gurus off Bulgaria and you will Romania whenever both regions inserted new Eu in that exact same year. Like their predecessors, these types of women can be allowed to become separate sex workers, but so far much less employees.